We know that Curved surface area (CSA) is the area of the curved surfaces for the solid.
The remaining surfaces of the solid are the flat or the non-curved surfaces. In a cone, the flat surface is the circular area of the base.

In a cylinder, the flat surfaces are the top and bottom circular areas. A sphere has no flat surface, whereas a cuboid and a cube have only flat surfaces.
The flat surface area and the CSA of a solid together add up to the total surface area, TSA, for the solid.

Total Surface Area (TSA) = Curved Surface Area (CSA) + Areas of Flat Surfaces A simple approach used for calculating the surface area and volume for complex shapes is Split up the complex solid shapes into fundamental solid shapes. Apply the standard formulae to the fundamental shapes to calculate areas or volumes and Add the results of the calculation.